WPC  @@wjVkKj#TBT~)bRЁJLIy' DJ#j ([^W˪y)\_ O؞P}gKH2VkV!U&{:: P3S(PO@$ UI~lZ( ڪ=j=ND +NJ Z.xoe=BB `b5Z!%kJIqH^q0 F/7L4i82ƖM،;. Y9\Ւ*7IF6۰*Hzi#VsQ&KX]|8^-66 DŽK,5]ķs.DмD@b}.###U<N % 0:(9^ awm4q m 1u 72" 0bT 0 0wp 0 0or 0[A b  > 0V 0X 0l 0 0FNdef 0g 0nx 0db  0V(OKIDATA OKIPAGE 6e (HP4P),,,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS., interdistrictJ) }ld)bk13|xU2Hu37=CKSY_eI.A.(1)(a)1)a)i)a) 1)(:$2   .3  0  <":" r:First leve01& % 2   .3  0  & % (OZ|$0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#(cZ$0  0` (#(#2  0  .3  0 ` (#` (#<R" 4:Assignment02XX0  2  A  .3  0` (#(#XX<c :Main worki03  %&0  0` (#(#2  0  .3  0 ` (#` (#  %&Con Law III /  )USUS.,  _XX",US ,  (:!&),  December7,2000(1:28pm)!  (.3$ !USUS.,  (w$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (#<w :Working le04 XX0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2  a  .3  0 (# (# XX(c$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2(  0  )3  0h(#(#(ro$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2(  a  )3  0h(#h(#(#"7$XX 0   XX : 8Level 2 TOCXXXXXXXX(b"$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# ` XXXX " (v"$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#  e e !USUS.,  _X  8XXdd8ConLawIII ,XX  Y (Hu22  XX,X"r"&{%,   XX(wX%X%(  r2Hu  I  .3  0    Introduction  IrV݌pVV Ќ,%&{   "4"XX,  4A0  2Hu  A  .3  0VV  WhatisEquality(Thomson)  44A݌ LVV Ќ,XX  "",,  甖0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV  LordBrycedeclaringthatdemocracyowesnothing  toequality,politicaloreconomic.甖݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,  .0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV  Problemofequalityisacurrentproblem..z݌D VV Ќ,,  "",,  甍0  0VV2Hu(  3  )3  0VV  Propositionsofequality:甍݌ H VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Equalnotidentical(dull/shinypennies)( ݌  VV Ќ,,  "",,  H 0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  Equalityimpliessimilarity,notsamenessH ݌  VV Ќ,,  "",,   0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV  Equalityisnotuniformity,thusuniformity T  oftreatmentsubjecttomuchdisputedmoral X  claims.  ݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,   0  0VV0VV2Hu(  d  )3  0VV  Equalityisnotabsoluteeconomic,evenunder   socialismandcommunismdistantfutureper d  Marx. ݌(h VV Ќ,,  "",,  Z0  0VV0VV2Hu(  e  )3  0VV  Equality=commonsubmissiontoacodeof , law,typeofgovt.Z݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  4  )3  0VV  _Tawney_Ԁ notimportantifcompletelyattained, t butratheritmustbe sincerelysought .:݌8xVV Ќ,,  "",,  甹0  0VV2Hu(  5  )3  0VV  _Haldane_Ԁuniversal_sufferage_Ԁowedtodogmaof > mansequality,but  theprogressofbiology inthe  nextcenturywillleadtoarecognitionoftheinnate  inequalityofman.甹݌LVV Ќ,,  "",,  #0  0VV2Hu(  6  )3  0VV  EqualityhasrootsinChristianityandGreek/ P Romanrationalism.#o݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  甮0  0VV2Hu(  7  )3  0VV  Equalityproductofaristocraticandslaveholding  communitiesformedinthecrucibleofcontrast:甮݌\VV Ќ,,  "",,  ^0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Inequalityinaheterogenoussocietyisthorny  ` problem.^݌$VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  Toleranceproductofreligiouswars?݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,  Z0  0VV2Hu(  8  )3  0VV  Liberty/Equalitynexusinherenttension, l! despiteubiquityingovernmentalpreambles.Z݌0p"VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  9  )3  0VV  Tragedythatitnowlongerhasspiritualcontent.K݌4#VV Ќ,,  " ",,  f0  0VV2Hu(  10  )3  0VV  Centralized_Govt_Ԁ=developmentand $ implementationofegalitarianism.f݌| %VV Ќ,,   "r "&{%,   r" 2Hu  II  .3  0    SlaveryandtheConstitution   r" q ݌"D'VV Ќ,%&{   "4"XX,  4m!0  2Hu  A  .3  0VV  ThreereferencesinConstitution  `!4m!!݌#)VV Ќ,XX  "",,  "0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV  ArtI,2,cl3[ 3/5 ] Representativesanddirect P%!+ Taxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveral &V", StateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion, &#- accordingtotheirrespectiveNumbers,whichshall '#. bedeterminedbyaddingtothewholeNumberof b($/ freePersons,includingthoseboundtoServicefora &)f%0 TermofYears,andexcludingIndiansnottaxed, )*&1 threefifthsofallotherPersons...."#݌*&2VV Ќ,,  "",,  &0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV  ArtI,9,cl1[ Importationtax] The 6,v(4 MigrationorImportationofSuchPersonasanyof ,<)5 theStatesnowexistingshallthinkpropertoadmit, -*6 shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortothe.*7VV Yearonethousandeighthundredandeight,buta p7 TaxordutymaybeimposedonsuchImportation, 4t8 notexceedingtendollarsforeachPerson.&b&݌89Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  ,)0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%  ArtIV,2,cl3[ FugitiveSlaveclause ; Lawsofanotherstatecanttrumpslavery] No F < PersonheldtoServiceor_Labour_ԀinoneState,  L= undertheLawsthereof,escapingintoanother,  > shall,inConsequenceofanyLaworRegulation  ? therein,bedischargedfromsuchServiceor X @ _Labour_,butshallbedelivereduponClaimofthe  \ A PartytowhomsuchServiceor_Labour_Ԁmaybe  B due.    ,)x)݌ CQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  -0  0%%%2Hu(  4  )3  0Q%%%%  SlaveryandtheConstitution-Q-݌,l EQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  W.0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  Constitutionisarguablyproslavery 0 F document 7of15 _influentials_ were  G slaveholdingplanters.W..݌zH}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  T00  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  Documentseemstoputslaverybeyond >~I   nationalregulation .T00݌BJ}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  10  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  Whatpreciselyisthevalueofthe K Constitutionandoftheconcomitantnation L thatwouldjustifyevenan extraweeks PM slavery ?1?2݌VN}%}% Ќ,,   "4"XX,  440  2Hu  B  .3  0%%%  SlaveryCases  444\4݌P%%%% Ќ,XX  "",,  R50  0%%%2Hu(  1  )3  0Q%%%%    StatevPost(1845)  &6ԀDoesNJsconstitution PR abolishslavery?R55݌TSQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  70  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:Languagepertainingtofreedomand T independenceismodifiedbyunderstandingof U mansrelationshipto_govt_.Samelanguage `V inUSConstitutiondidntabolishslavery.7Q7݌$dW}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  `90  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%  NOTE:  _Prigg_ԀvPennsylvania(1842  ::)PreCivil Y warcourtsmoreoftenthannotoverturned p Z limitationsonslavery.`99݌4!t[Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  v;0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  SCheldthatfugitiveslaveclauseprohibits !8\ anylawwhich interrupts,limits,delays,or "] postponesrightsofowner.v;;݌#^}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  ^=0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  FugitiveSlaveActpreemptedstatelaw, D$ _ mandatedassistanceinreclaimingslaves %H!` yetalsolegitimizedregulationofslavery,and % "a eventuallylimitingitgrowth.^==݌&"b}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  甉?0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    Johnsonv_MIntosh_(1823)  ]@ԀActiontoassert (X$d validtitle,whichwasacquiredintwotransactions (%e withIndianchiefs.甉??݌)%fQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  A0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD: Discovery byEuropeans= conquer  d*&g =statehaspowertogranttitle;Indiansonly *+j'h haverighttooccupancy,whichsovereign +.(i mayextinguishthrougheitherpurchaseor ,(j conquestAA݌v-)k}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  C0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  Reasonhasnothingtodowithnaturallaw; :.z*l}%}% everythingtodowithlawofnations.CDD݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  E0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV  RightsofnativeIndianstolandhave  necessarilybeenimpaired.EE݌HVV Ќ,,  "",,  CG0  0VV0VV2Hu(  d  )3  0VV  Thishasbeenthelawofthecontinent,which  L allEuropeannationshaveacceptedas  sovereignshavechanged.CGG݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  I0  0VV2Hu(  4  )3  0VV    StatevMann(NC1829)  IԀ__Ԁchargedwithassault  \ andbatteryonslave,whomhehiredfromits   owner.Whenshetriedtoescape,heshothere,    impairinghervaluetoherowner.IhI݌h  VV Ќ,,  "",,  K0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:Masterisnotliableforbattery , l  committeduponhisslave.__Ԁnotcriminally  0  liable,butinsteadsubjecttolawsofbailment.KK݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,  M0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  Thereisnolikenessofmasterslavetoparent x  child,tutorpupil,etc.MM݌<| VV Ќ,,  "",,  7O0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV  Bondofmasteroverslave=absolute @  thoughconsciencefindthisrepugnant.7OO݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,  P0  0VV2Hu(  5  )3  0VV    _Dred_ԀScottv_Sandford_(1857)  QԀScottclaimstobe L acitizenofMissouri.Wasaslavewhotraveled P withownertoIllinoisandLouisianaTerritory,thus  claimedtonowbefree.Jurisdictionbasedon  diversity.P,Q݌\VV Ќ,,  "",,  S0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD(_Taney_):SS݌ `VV Ќ,,  "c"  cU0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  Nojurisdiction: [Blacks]werenot $ intendedtobeincluded,undertheword   citizensintheConstitution,andcan n thereforeclaimnoneoftherightsand 2r privilegeswhichthatinstrumentprovides 6 foransecurestocitizensoftheUnited  States.cU=U݌~4V4V Ќ  "c"  cW0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  LACompromiseUnconstitutional:  B  Deprivingcitizenofhispropertymerely H! becauseofhistravelintoanotherstateis  " hardlydueprocessoflaw.cWW݌#4V4V Ќ  "",,  Y0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  Onlysecondtobedeclaredunconstitutionalup T$ untilthattime.YY݌ X%VV Ќ,,  "",,  *[0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV  Expeditedfightagainstslavery,galvanized.*[v[݌ &VV Ќ,,   "4"XX,  4\0  2Hu  C  .3  0VV  Reconstruction  \4\\݌d"(VV Ќ,XX  "",,  ]0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV    FederalistNo.28,Hamilton  ^ԀConstitutionwas $T * notdesignedtoprotectindividualrightsfrom $!+ powerofstate_govt_Ԁonlyfederal_govt_.]=^݌%!,VV Ќ,,  "",,  ?`0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV   13thAmendment  a Slaveryisillegalandunder $'d#. 2 Congressshallhavethepowertoenforcethis '*$/ articlebyappropriatelegislation.?``݌($0VV Ќ,,  "",,  Qb0  0VV2Hu(  3  )3  0VV   CivilRightsActof1866  "cԀ givesblacks fulland 6*v&2 equalbenefitofalllawsandproceedingsforthe *<'3 securityofpersonandpropertyasisenjoyedby +(4 whitecitizens.Qbb݌,(5VV Ќ,,  "",,  甒d0  0VV2Hu(  4  )3  0VV   14thAmendment  ceBOstressesthat14thwas .L*7VV designedtogiveCongresslegalauthoritytopass 7 CivilRightsActof1866.甒dd݌8Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  f0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  ݀ Nostateshallmakeorenforceanylaw H9 whichshallabridgetheprivilegesand  L: immunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates, ; norshallanyStatedepriveanypersonwithin < itsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthe X= laws.ff݌ \>}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  +i0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  GaveCongressabilitytoenforcethrough  ? appropriatelegislation.+iwi݌ @}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  j0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  Altersbalancebetween StateandFederal  h A power;andbetween Congressand . nB Judiciary .jk݌ 4 C}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  甐l0  0%%%2Hu(  5  )3  0Q%%%%   15thAmendment  amԀ Therightofcitizensofthe ~ E UStovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridged...on D F accountofrace,color,orpreviousconditionof H G servitude.甐ll݌ HQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  n0  0%%%2Hu(  6  )3  0Q%%%%    JudicialReaction VoFederalism,narrowreading: TJ expansiveifblack,narrowifwhiteSMno݌XKQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  p0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%    SlaughterhouseCases(1873) %sqԀnarrow L readingof13thand14thamendmentsonly M dealingwith_negroes_,NoLAbutchers.First dN casetointerpret14th_amd_.pp݌(hO}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  's0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%    USv_Cruikshank_(1975) %tԀriotfollowing ,P electioninLA.60freedmankilledafterthey Q surrendered.Fedschargedviolationofvoting tR sectionofEnforcementActof1870.No14th 8xS amendmentviolationbecauseblackswerenot <T exercisingrighttopetition_govt_.14th_Amd_ U  addsnothingtotherightsofonecitizenas V againstanother.'sss݌HW}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  v0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%    _Strauder_ԀvWVa(1879) %wԀOUTLIER But  LX strong ifraciallyoriented,_revd_Ԁconviction Y ofblackwherenoblackcouldserveonjury. Z Candiscriminateonlotsofotherbasisunder \[ 14thAmendment.v3w݌ `\}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  y0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  d  )3  0}Q%Q%    USvHarris(1882) %zԀFedslackpowerto  $] prosecutelynchmobwhoseizedprisoner !^ fromstatedeputy.yz݌l"_}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  {0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  e  )3  0}Q%Q%    TheCivilRightsCases(1882) %|ԀInvalidated 0#p` publicaccommodationsectionof1875Civil #4 a RightsAct.Neither13thnor14th_amd_Ԁgive $ b Congresspowertoprohibitprivate |%!c discriminationinpublicaccommodations. @&"d Denialofrightsbystate,notinterferenceby 'D#e privateparty.{|݌'$f}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  ~0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  f  )3  0}Q%Q%    Ex_Yarbrough_(1884) %ԀFedscanprosecute ($g obstructionofblackvotersbyKKKin P)%h Congressionalelections.~&݌*T&i}%}% Ќ,,   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  D  .3  0%%%  PostReconstruction V4\݌+'k%%%% Ќ,XX  "",,  X0  0%%%2Hu(  1  )3  0Q%%%%    _Plessy_ԀvFerguson(1896)  ,Ԁ!Manclaimingtobe L-)m 7/8Caucasiansuedbecausehewasprohibited .P*nQ%Q% frombeinginthewhiteRRcar.X݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:Segregationoftheracesisa  reasonableexerciseofpolicepowersifbased H upontheestablishedcustom,usageand  L traditionsofthepeopleinthestate.Є݌VV Ќ,,  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  14thmandated absoluteequalityofthe  tworacesbeforethelaw.cІ݌X4V4V Ќ  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  Segregationlaws donotnecessarily  \ implytheinferiorityofeitherracetothe   othercK݌  4V4V Ќ  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  3  )3  04VV  StatewithinitsPolicepowers.c݌h  4V4V Ќ  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  4  )3  04VV  Inferiorityreadingis constructionthat , l  blacksreadintoLAstatute.c!݌ 0 4V4V Ќ  "",,  p0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  DISSENT,Harlan:Thisisanother_Dred_ԀScott   decision.p݌x VV Ќ,,  "c"  c)0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  givesstatestheabilitytotakeawaywhat <|  theConstitutionhasensured.c)V݌@ 4V4V Ќ  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV   [Blackman]oughtnevertocease   objectingtotheproposition,thatcitizens   ofthewhiteandblackracescanbe L adjudgedcriminalsbecausetheysitinthe P samepubliccoachonapublichighway.cˏ݌4V4V Ќ  "",,  ؑ0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV    _Berea_ԀCollegevKY(1917)  ԀPrivateschool \ convictedofoperatingaschoolwherebothblacks  ` andwhitesweretakenasstudents.Nostate $ interest;permittedduetolesserrightsofa  corporation.ؑ$݌lVV Ќ,,  "",,  l0  0VV2Hu(  3  )3  0VV    Buchananv_Warley_(1917)  @ԀInvalidatedstate 4 statutewhichprohibitedblackownerfromlivingin  hisownhouseinawhiteneighborhood. | Distinguished_Berea_and_Plessy_becauseherestate @  wasinterferingwithBlacksownproperty.l݌D!VV Ќ,,   "r"&{%,   r2Hu  III  .3  0    Education,Race,andConstitution  xrԗ݌#VV Ќ,%&{   "4"XX,  4֘0  2Hu  A  .3  0VV  Earlylitigation  ɘ4֘"݌( h%VV Ќ,XX  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV    MissouriexrelGainesvCanada(1938)  Ԁ!_!_Ԁwasa !' blackdeniedadmittancetoUofMissourilaw "( school.Statehadarrangementtolethimgooutof `#) state._!_Ԁinsteadcitedadvantagesofgoingtoschool $$d * instatehewouldpracticein.g݌$(!+VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:rightisapersonalone._!_Ԁentitledto %!, EPoflawswithinitsborders;statemust p&"- provide substantiallyequallegaleducto_!_.D݌4't#.VV Ќ,,  "",,  60  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  ISSUE:whodecidesifsomethingisequal '8$/ [courts];Howisthisdecisionmade[Itis ($0 difficult,messy].Thus,separatebutequalwas )%1 unsustainable.6݌D*&2VV Ќ,,  "",,  L0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV    _Sipuel_ԀvBdofRegents(1948)  Ԁ!Courtaffirmed + (4 Gaines;rejectedmandamusrequestofissueof ,(5 whetherstatewouldbeforcedtobuildanewbldg T-)6 forblacks.L݌.X*7VV Ќ,,  "",,  甮0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    _Sweatt_ԀvPainter(1950)  ԀSCorderedadmission 8 oflawstudenttoUnivofTexas. Thelawschool H9 ...cannotbeeffectiveinisolationfromthe  L: individualsandinstitutionswithwhichthelaw ; interacts.甮݌<Q%Q% Ќ,,  _"",,  Y0  0%%%2Hu(  4  )3  0Q%%%%    _McLaurin_ԀvOkla(1950)  -Ԁ!Unconstitutionalto  \> designatewhereblackgraduatestudentcouldsit  ? inclass,eat,studyinlibrary.Y݌ @Q%Q% Ќ,,   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  B  .3  0%%%  Browndecisions  4ڨ݌, lB%%%% Ќ,XX  "",,  ҩ0  0%%%2Hu(  1  )3  0Q%%%%    BrownI(1954)  ԀSeparatebutequal inpublic   D education isinherentlyunequalandaviolationof  E the14thAmendment.ҩ݌h FQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  ٫0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  Historicalcontextof14thamendments ,l G passageareinconclusive٫%݌0 H}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  u0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  PublicEducationistotallydifferentnow;  I mustevaluateEPaccordingtomoderneduc xJ _stds_.u݌<|K}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  [0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  Intangiblebenefits ofhavingoneintegrated @L system;thusequalfacilitiesinnotcontrolling.[݌M}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  d  )3  0}Q%Q%  SocScienceimpactofsegregation= N inferiority=dullsmotivation.c݌NO}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  甸0  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%   PublicAccommodation cases Ԁthatfollowed:甸݌QQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  70  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%    _Bollings_ԀvSharpe(1954) ԀDCschools, R usedDPof5thamendmenttorequired `S integration;14thonlyapplicabletostates.7݌$dT}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  v0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%    HolmesvAtlanta(1955) %^nosegregationof (U municipalgolfcourses.v¶݌V}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  @0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%    BaltimorevDawson(1955) %(Ԁno pW segregationofpublicbeaches,bathhouses@݌4tX}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    BrownII(1955) Ԁ Alldeliberatespeed  Z orderedthatcasesweretoberemandedtodistrict [ courtstoenterorderconsistentwiththeflexible F \ principlesofequity.Courtsmustmakea prompt  !J] andreasonablestarttowardfullracial !^ integration.\݌"_Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  ؼ0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  Ifanindividualright,whytolerateanydelay V#` inimplementationIsrightheldbyblack $Z a race?ؼ$݌$!b}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  Wilkinsonjustifiedbypossiblecivil %!c e.g.LittleRock,Birmingham݌f&"d}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  J0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  SCtryingtoshapenorms,lettingcourt *'j#e implementordersontheirown.J݌'.$f}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  d  )3  0}Q%Q%  Leadto15yearsofremedialfailures,though ($g publicsupportgrew.4݌v)%h}%}% Ќ,,   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  C  .3  0%%%  SouthernSchool_Desgregation_ 4݌*>'j%%%% Ќ,XX  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  1  )3  0Q%%%%   SouthernManifesto !102CongRecH3948, ,(l 4004(Mar121956) Ԁ!statesweredeclaringthat t-)m Brownwasillegitimateandwouldnotbe 8.x*nQ%Q% followed.M݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  ;0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV   Freedomofchoice plans *T ,wherestudentshadto H requesttransfertoschoolinordertointegrateit.;݌ LVV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  3  )3  0VV    BriggsvElliot(EDSC1955) ԀNARROW  READING:Browndidnotrequire thestatesto X mixpersonsofdifferentracesintheschools.What  \ ithasdecidedisthatastatemaynotdenyany   persononaccountofracetherighttoattendany    schoolthatitmaintains.TheConstitution,inother h   words,doesnotrequireintegration.Itmerely , l  forbidstheuseofgovtpowertoenforce  0  segregation.b݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,  电0  0VV2Hu(  4  )3  0VV    CoopervAaron(1958) ԉԀ!Ctwantedtoabandon <|  desegdueto extremepublichostility.SC @  reversed, federaljudiciaryissupremeinthe   expositionoftheCon,andthatinterpretationofthe   14thamendmentenunciatedbyCourtinBrownis L thesupremelawoftheland. 电݌PVV Ќ,,  "",,  用0  0VV2Hu(  5  )3  0VV    WatsonvMemphis(1963) |Ԁ Public  Accommodation nosegofrecfacilities Brown ^ nevercontemplatedthattheconceptofdeliberate $d speedwouldcountenanceindefinitedelayin ( eliminationofracialbarriers.用݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  J0  0VV2Hu(  6  )3  0VV    GossvBdofEduc(1963) Ԁ Onewaytransfers  4t foundunconstitutional.J݌:VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  7  )3  0VV    GriffinvCountySchoolBd(1964) Ԁ school  closing Ctfoundstrategyofschoolclosingand H  govtgrantsandtaxcreditsforprivateschools N! unconstitutional.Cf.PalmervThompson(1971) " OkaytoclosepoolssinceGriffinonlyhadtodo # withpubliceduc.T݌Z$VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  8  )3  0VV    NorwoodvHarrison(1973) ԀMSpracticeof  "& lendingtextbookstostudentsattendingbothpublic !' andprivateschoolswithoutreferencetowhether j"( theprivateschoolswereraciallysegregated .#n) unconstitutional.B݌#2 *VV Ќ,,  "",,  t0  0VV2Hu(  9  )3  0VV  TEXTBOOKarguesthatitwasformationof z%!, politicalcoalition,especiallyaround CivilRights >&~"- Actof1964 ,thatthemostgalvanizingeffect.Title 'D#. VIassistedwithguidelinesforremedialorders.t݌' $/VV Ќ,,   "4 "XX,  40  2Hu  D  .3  0VV  CollapseofSouthernSegregation Ԫ4݌R)%1VV Ќ,XX  "",,   0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV    GreenvCountySchoolBd(1968) Ԁunanimous +B'3 SCinvalidated freedomofchoice planthatwould +(4 havereinforcedhistoricalpatternofdeseg X݌,(5VV Ќ,,  "",,  !0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  NOTE:southdidnothavesameresidential P-)6 segregationneighborhoodschoolwould.T*7VV produceintegration.!m݌7}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  Suggeststhatunitarystatusisonlypossibleif 8 systeminintegrated.L݌H9}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  甡0  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%    MonroevBdofComm(1968) nouԀ!Rejected ; acceptanceof freetransferasamethodof < mitigatingwhiteflight.甡݌X=Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  甚0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    SwannvCharlotte_Mecklenburg_(1971) nԀ!Case  ? thatgavefederalcourtsauthoritytoimplement  @ busing,redistricting,andinvoluntarystudent h A transfertoeffectuateintegration.甚݌, lBQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  Remedywillendaftersystemsbecome  0 C  unitary .P݌ D}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  Bookssaysthisis resultsoriented viewof z E Brown,whichfocusesonoutcomeindistrict, @ F makingremovalofracialcriteria D G unconstitutional.݌ H}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  Cf. processoriented ,whichlooksto  I eliminateracistactionsindecisionmaking RJ process,butdoesntlookatoutcome݌VK}%}% Ќ,,   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  E  .3  0%%%  Northern_Deseg_ԀandLimitsonDuty  4݌M%%%% Ќ,XX  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  1  )3  0Q%%%%    Keyesv.SchoolDistrictNo.1,_Denve_(1973) Ԁ! NO Firstcasetoaddressschoolsegregationincity RP whereseparationwasnotinitiallyenforcedby Q statute.k݌RQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  s0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  Findingofofficialsintentinpartofdistrictis ^S sufficienttoimplicateentiresystems݌"bT}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  /0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  PowellsDissent/Concurrence:/{݌&U}%}% Ќ,,     % "",,  甮0  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%    _Milliken_ԀvBradley(1974)  (54)!Federal_cts_Ԁlack nW thepowertoimposeinterdistrictremediesfor 2rX schooldesegregationabsentaninterdistrict 6Y violationorinterdistricteffects.甮݌ZQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  =0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  withoutinterdistrictviolationand ~[ interdistricteffect,thereisnoconstitutional B \ wrongcallforaninterdistrictremedy=݌!F]}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  ,0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,Marshall:Thereiseffectivelyno ! ^ remedyforthisconstitutionalviolation, "_ thoughtheStatehadparticipatedinviolations R#` inDetroit.,x݌$V a}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  >0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%   Cf.Hillsv_Gautreaux_(1976)  Ԁ!upheldright $!b ofdistricttocompelHUDtotakeaction %!c outsideofChicagocitylimitstoremedy b&"d discriminatorysiteselectionthatoccurred &'f#e onlyinChicago.>݌'*$f}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    _Milliken_ԀII(1977) noԀ!Courtshavepowertoorder r)%h statestoexpendmoneyandresourcestocorrect 6*v&i pastconstitutionalviolationsofstudents.(݌*:'jQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  4  )3  0Q%%%%  MissourivJenkins(1990)(54)!Heldthattrct ,(l abuseditsdiscretiontoraiselocaltaxesandcreate F-)m massivemagnetschoolsthatwouldattractwhite  .J*nQ%Q% childrentothedistrict.   [݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  a0  0VV2Hu(  5  )3  0VV   JenkinsII(1995)(54) no5Ԁ!restricttrctsauthorityto H order_Milliken_ԀIItyperemedies(e.g.ordering  L salary:forstaff)sincestepsweremotivatedby  attractingmorewhitesintodistrict.a݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Interdistrictgoalisbeyondscopeof X _intradistrict_Ԁviolation..݌ \VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  essentially,Interdistrictgoal=interdistrict   remedy,thusviolating_Milliken_ԀI.݌  VV Ќ,,  "",,  n0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV  CONCUR,Thomas:Ridiculousthatctnow h   triestoattractwhiteswholeftbecauseof , l  desegregationn݌ 0 VV Ќ,,  "c"  c: 0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  Bogussocialsciencethatblackslearn   bettersittingnexttowhitesc: g ݌x 4V4V Ќ  "c"  c 0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  Federalismandsepofpowersissues <|  subsumedby_untrampled_Ԁequitable @  authority.c  ݌ 4V4V Ќ  "",,  \ 0  0VV2Hu(  6  )3  0VV    PasadenaBdofEducv_Spangler_(1976) 0 Ԁ!Cant L forcereadjustmentofschoolboundaries P perpetuallytoachieveracialbalance.\  ݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  甆0  0VV2Hu(  7  )3  0VV    OKCityPublicSchoolsv_Dowell_(1991) Z!Once \ unitarystatushasbeenachieved,courtordered  ` desegregationmustend.甆݌$VV Ќ,,  "",,  産0  0VV2Hu(  8  )3  0VV    Freemanv_Pitts_(1992) wԀ! Fed_Cts_Ԁhaveauthority l torelinquishsupervisionandcontrolofschool 0p districtsinincrementalstages,beforefull 4 compliancehasbeenachievedineveryareaof  schooloperations.産݌|VV Ќ,,  "",,  g0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Rejected educationaltesting aspartofunitary @  statusdeterminationg݌F!VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  9  )3  0VV    BazemorevFriday(1986)  Ԁ!Schooloperated # raciallysegregated4HandHomemakersclubs R$ priorto1964.Becauseorganizationsare  V% voluntary,noaffirmativedutytointegrateclubs.\݌ &VV Ќ,,  " ",,  `0  0VV2Hu(  10  )3  0VV    USv_Fordice_(1992) 5Ԁ!Noaffirmativeduty b"( requiredbyMStocorrectracialimbalances &#f) amongstateuniversitieseventhoughhistorical #* * patternslingerpasttheendofdejure $ + segregation.`݌r%!,VV Ќ,,   "r "&{%,   r2Hu  IV  .3  0    ModernEqualProtection!RACE rM݌&:#.VV Ќ,%&{   "4"XX,  4N0  2Hu  A  .3  0VV  RaceSpecificthatExpresslyDisadvantage A4N݌($0VV Ќ,XX  "",,  甬0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV    StraudervW.Va(1879) ԀԀ!Statuteprecludedblacks F*&2 formservingonjuries.!wasblackwho  +J'3 challengedhisconvictionbecauseblackswere +(4 systematicallyexcludedfromservingongrandor ,(5 petitjurywhichconvictedhim.甬݌V-)6VV Ќ,,  "",,  70  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:EPdemandsthateachcitizenreceive.Z*7VV equalprotection.Denialifotherwise 7 qualifiedblackpersonsareexcludedfrom 8 administrationofjustice.7݌H9}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  X!0  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%    KorematsuvUS(1944) ,"Ԁ!!wasJapanesemale ; whoviolatedmilitaryorderwithforceoflaw < (Congresshadauthorizedmilitarycontrol)that X= requiredhimtosayoutofExcludedZone.X!!݌ \>Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  #0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:Restrictionsonmovementofcitizens  ? isconstitutionallypermissibleonlywhen  @  pressingpublicnecessitylikethreatened h A invasion.HereCongresshadauthorityto , lB takepromptandadequatesecuritymeasures  0 C toensuresafety.##݌ D}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  ?&0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,Murphy:ExclusionofJapanese x E personsbasedonpremiseoftheirheighten <| F riskofsabotageandespionage.Reason, @ G logic,experiencedoesntsupportthisidea.?&&݌ H}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  i(0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,Jackson: Slipperyslope This  I rationalizationofgovtactioninthecontext NJ ofConstitution liesaboutlikealoaded RK weaponreadyforthehandofanyauthority L thatcanbringforwardaplausibleclaimofan M urgentneed.  i((݌^N}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  +0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    USvCarolineProducts(1938) +Ԁ! Most &P celebratedfootnoteinConLaw! SCused Q rationalbasistoupholdafederalstatute rR prohibitinginterstateshipmentoffilledmilk.But 6vS fn4,JStonesuggestedthata heightenedstdof :T review mightapplytostatutes directedat U particularreligiousornationalorracial V minorities.@&&>&Q%Q%+`+݌ JW Ќ,,  "",,  h.0  0%%%2Hu(  4  )3  0Q%%%%    PalmorevSidoti(1984) 'j foremploymentdoesnotviolationEPwhere +(k testresultsintheeliminationofahigh%of ,(l blackapplicants. Discriminatoryeffect, J-)m standingalone,isinsufficienttoinvokeEP .P*n}%}% clause. 7]7݌VV Ќ,,  "c"  c90  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  Disproportionateimpactnotabasisfor  Conviolation.c99݌F4V4V Ќ  "c"  c;0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  Educationcaseslookedfordiscriminatory  J purpose.c;A;݌4V4V Ќ  "",,  u<0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  CONCUR,Stevens:Nocleardemarcation  betweendiscriminatoryintentand V discriminatoryimpact.  u<<݌ ZVV Ќ,,  "",,  Z>0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV    YickWovHopkins(1886) .?Ԁ!lawforbidding    laundriesinbuildingnotmadeofstoneorbrick f   wasnonuniformlyadministratedagainstChinese, * j  foundtobeEPviolation.Z>>݌ . VV Ќ,,  "",,  甛@0  0VV2Hu(  3  )3  0VV    GomillionvLightfoot(1960) oAԀ!gerrymanderingof v  municipalborderwassoflagrantastobe :z   tantamounttoamathematicaldemonstrationof >  discriminatoryintent.甛@@݌ VV Ќ,,  "",,  B0  0VV2Hu(  4  )3  0VV    HuntervUnderwood(1985) CԀ(90)!Invalidated J 1901statutedisenfranchisingallpersonsconvicted N ofmoralturpitudebecausepassagewasmotivated  partiallybydesiretodisenfranchiseblacks.B*C݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  ;E0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Hasdisparateimpactandracialmotivation, Z thusArlingtonHtsandMtHealthygovern;EE݌^VV Ќ,,  "",,  G0  0VV2Hu(  5  )3  0VV   EPinjurycontext G GLG݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  hH0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV    BatsonvKY(1986) PIԀ!Canuseperemptory l strikestoeliminatejurorspurelyonthebasis 0p ofrace.hHH݌4VV Ќ,,  "",,  cJ0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV    PowersvOhio(1991) KKԀ!Batsonapplieseven  whenandjurornotsameracecJJ݌|VV Ќ,,  "",,  BL0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV    Edmondsonv_Leesville_ԀConcrete(1991) *MԀ! @  racebasedperemptoriesbyprivatelitigantsin D! civillitigationviolationofEP.BLL݌"VV Ќ,,  "",,  vN0  0VV0VV2Hu(  d  )3  0VV    HernandezvNY(1991) ^OԀ!Uphelduseof # _preemptories_Ԁtoremovebilingualjuries P$ becausejurieswouldbeunlikelytounderstand  T% thetestimonyviaanofficialinterpreter.vNN݌ &VV Ќ,,  "c"  cP0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  DisparateimpactcasealaWashvDavis, !' thusremovalsnotperseEPviolationscPQ݌`"(4V4V Ќ  "c"  cyR0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  CONCUR,OConnor:strikeswerebased $#d) onlanguageratherthanrace,thusno:EP #( * scrutinywarranted.cyRR݌$ +4V4V Ќ  "",,  #T0  0VV0VV2Hu(  e  )3  0VV    GeorgiavMcCollum(1992)  UԀ!Batsonapplied p%!, todefenseandwellasprosecution#ToT݌4&t"-VV Ќ,,  "",,  V0  0VV2Hu(  6  )3  0VV   Raciallymotivatedclassificationsthatarenot '#/ strictlyscrutinized V !VPV݌($0VV Ќ,,  "",,  W0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV    PalmervThompson(1971) XԀ!Racially H)%1 motivatedstatuteswithneutraleffects!  *L&2 permissibletoclosemunicipalswimmingpool *'3 toeveryoneratherthanoperatethemonan +'4 integratedbasis.WX݌X,(5VV Ќ,,  "c"  cJZ0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  IntenthardtoascertaincJZwZ݌-\)64V4V Ќ  "c"  c{[0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  Impliessamelawwithpropermotivation - *7 wouldbeokay.c{[[݌.*84V4V Ќ  "c"  c\0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  3  )3  0}%}%  Cf.  BushvOrleansParishSchoolBd(E 8 DLa1960) ]Ԁ(statuteprovidingforclosing 9 ofallintegratedschools H: unconstitutional).c\ ]݌ L;%% Ќ  "",,  ^0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  Discretionarydecisions  Mayorof < Philadelphia(1979) _Mayorspowerto = makeappointmentsneedtobepreservedin X> orderto respondtothedemandsof[their  \? constitutency].^)_݌ @}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  \a0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  Causationrequirements  ԀMtHealthy(1977) _b  A teacherexercisingfirstamendmentsrights h B wasfired.\aa݌, lC}%}% Ќ,,  "c"  cdc0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  1  )3  0}%}%  !madeouttheprimafaciescase,burden  0 D thenshiftstotoshowthattheywould  E havereachedthesamedecisiondespite x F theprotectedactivity.  ! cdcc݌<| G%% Ќ  "c"  cge0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  2  )3  0}%}%  CfVillageofArlingtonHts.!Fact @ H sensitiveinquirytodetermineifstate  I actionhadinvidiousdiscriminatory  J purpose.cgee݌LK%% Ќ  "ro"  roEg0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%0}%}%2Hu  a  )3  0%%  Impart mayprovideanimportant PL startingpoint.roEgrg݌M%% Ќ  "ro"  roh0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%0}%}%2Hu  b  )3  0%%  Clearpattern,unexplainableonother N grounds,areraree.g.Gomillion \O orYickYo.rohh݌ `P%% Ќ  "ro"  roj0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%0}%}%2Hu  c  )3  0%%  Canusehistoricalinformationin $Q analysisrojj݌R%% Ќ  "ro"  rok0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%0}%}%2Hu  d  )3  0%%  Departuresfromnormalprocedurerokl݌lS%% Ќ  "ro"  ro;m0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%0}%}%2Hu  e  )3  0%%  !sfailedtocarryburden.ro;mhm݌0pT%% Ќ  "",,  甊n0  0%%%2Hu(  7  )3  0Q%%%%    ArlingtonHtsvMetroHousingDevCorp(1977) ^o V !_!_Ԁdenied_rezoning_Ԁsinglefamilytomultifamily |W forpurposeofhavinglowincomehousing @X development.甊nn݌DYQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  p0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:Localdecisionthatresultsonlyina Z discriminatoryeffectandthereisnoproof [ thatadiscriminatorypurposeisthe P\ motivatingfactor,suchdecisionisentitledto  T] judicialdeference.pKq݌ ^}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  Ts0  0%%%2Hu(  8  )3  0Q%%%%    McCleskyvKemp (t(1987)!__Ԁuse_Baldus_Ԁstudyto `"` showthatblackswhokillwhiteswerestatistically $#da morelikelytogetdeathpenalty.Claimeddenialof #( b EP.Stateandcourtdidnotattackveracityof $ c study.Tss݌p%!dQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  v0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:Capitalcasesrequireanevaluationof 4&t"e themotivationsofindividualjurorsin &8#f sentencing;thusrawabstractstatisticaldata '#g arenotdispositiveofalackofEP.v_v݌($h}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  ;x0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,Brennan:Numbersclearlya D)%i showingofracialbasis,makingitclearly *H&j relevanttoEPanalysis.;xx݌* 'k}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  z0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT:Considerationofsuchevidence +'l wouldgreatlyreducechanceofarbitraryand T,(m discriminatory_excecutions_.zZz݌-X)n}%}%  ,,   -*o   "4"XX,  47|0  2Hu  C  .3  0VV  FaciallyNeutralClassifications *|47||݌VV  ,XX  "",,  甖}0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV    LovingvVirginia(1967) j~Ԁ!Loving(white)and p Jeter(black)marriedinDC.Whenthey 4t returned,theywereindictedforviolatingVAsban 8 oninterracialmarriages.甖}}݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:Statelawrestrictingfreedomtomarry  solelybecauseofracialclassificationviolates D  theEPClause.-݌ HVV Ќ,,  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  Patentlynolegitimatereasonoverriding    purposebecauseinvidiousdiscrimination    whichjustifiesclassification.c݌T  4V4V Ќ  "c"  cm0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  Marriageisabasichumancivilright.cm݌ X 4V4V Ќ  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  CONCUR,Stewart:Itissimplynotpossible    forastatelawtobevalidunderthe   Constitution,whichmakesthecriminalityofan d  actdependupontheraceoftheactor.݌(h VV Ќ,,  "",,  Ն0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV    HuntervErickson(1969) Ԁ!Invalidatedreferendum   provisionthatwasamendedtoAkroncitycharter t whichrequiredthatanyordinancehavingtodo 8x with race,color,religion,nationaloriginor < ethnicityhadtobeapprovedbyamajorityof  voters.Ն!݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Burdenofsuchlegislationfallsonminorities, H whowouldbenefitfromsuchfairhousinglaws݌ LVV Ќ,,  "",,  K0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  Racialhousinglawswerebeingsubjectedtoan  alternativerequirement(majorityofcounsel  andvoters),makingthemespeciallysuspect.K݌XVV Ќ,,  "",,  @0  0VV2Hu(  3  )3  0VV    Jamesv_Valtierra_(1971) Ԁ!Courtupheldprovision   ofCalConstitutionprohibitingstateentitiesfrom  constructinglowrenthousingprojectsunless h  approvedbyamajorityofthosevotingina ,l! communityelection.@݌0"VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  Wouldapplytoallpoorpeople,notjustblacks.݌#VV Ќ,,  "",,  U0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  HardtoreconcilewithHuntervEricksonIf x$ nolowincomeinAkron,thenwhere?U݌< |%VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  4  )3  0VV    WashingtonvSeattleSchoolDistrictNo1(1982)  Ԁ! !'  Antimajoritarianstrain! Seattleschooldistrict "( adoptedaplantocombatracialisolation.An N#) initiativewaspassedwhichprovidedthataschool $R * districtcouldnotrequireastudenttoattendschool $!+ whichwasnotnearestonetoresidence.District %!, sued,claimingEPviolation.Z݌^&"-VV Ќ,,  "",,  ;0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:stateregulationwhichusesracial "'b#. natureofissuetodefinethegovt '&$/ decisionmakingprocessratherthanattempting ($0 toallocategovtpoweronthebasisofageneral n)%1 principleviolatesEPbyimposingspecial 2*r&2 burdensonminoritiesfollowsHunter;݌*6'3VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  DISSENT,Powellactionsbypeopleof +'4 Washingtonregardingtheirschoolsinnoway ~,(5 affectstheauthorityofstateorfederalgovtto B-)6 orderbusing.9݌.F*7VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  5  )3  0Q%%%%  Cf  CrawfordvBdofEduc(1982) ۛԀUpheldno 8 busingaslongasnofederalviolationofEPIf H9 stategoesbeyondfederalminimum,theyare free  L: toreturninparttothestandardprevailing ; generallythroughouttheUS.P݌<Q%Q% Ќ,,   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  D  .3  0%%%  AffirmativeAction )ԗ4݌ \>%%%% Ќ,XX  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  1  )3  0Q%%%%    BakkevUofCalDavis(1978)  ԀBakke(white  @ )unconstitutionallydeniedadmissionto  A medicalschool,butrefusedtoenjoinalluseof T B raceinlegislativeinitiativesinthefuture.7݌ X CQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  C0  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%    Fullilovev_Klutznick_(1980)  Ԁnoneedfor  E Congresstomakespecificfindingsof d F discriminationtoengageinraceconsciousrelief.C݌(h GQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  n0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    CityofRichmondvJACrosonCo.(1989)  BԀ! State  I AffirmativeActionisIllegal! CityofRichmond vJ hada30percentsetasideforminority <|K contractors.Only1percentofbidswereminority. @L 50percentofRichmondwasblack.n݌MQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:Acitymaynotenact affirmative N actionprogramwithoutdemonstrating LO specificdiscriminatorypracticesobe PP amelioratedbysuchprograms.Q݌Q}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  4  )3  0Q%%%%    AdarandConstructors,IncvPena(1995) sԀ! \S  FederalAffirmativeActionIllegal !Deptof  `T TransportationawardedconstructionK. &U Contractorsolicitedsubcontracts,butfailedto V takelowbidderduetofederalincentivesubsidies nW forgivingsubcontractworktominorities. 2rX AdarandsuedunderEP.j݌6YQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  $0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:Federalcontractingsetasidesfor Z minoritiesareunconstitutionalunlesstheyare ~[ narrowlytailoredtoremedydemonstrable B \ pastdiscrimination.$p݌!F]}%}% Ќ,,  "c"  c:0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  1  )3  0}%}%  BenigndiscriminationbyCongressisnot ! ^ exceptionc:g݌"_%% Ќ  "c"  c0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  2  )3  0}%}%  Racialclassificationsofanysortis R#` subjecttostrictscrutiny.cƮ݌$V a%% Ќ  "c"  c0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  3  )3  0}%}%   Specific,notgeneral ,patternsof $!b discriminationmustbeshown.c4݌%!c%% Ќ  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  CONCUR,Scalia:Govtcannever make d&"d upforpastdiscriminationbypresent ('h#e discrimination.Constitutionprotectspeople, ',$f notraces.̱݌($g}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  c  )3  0}Q%Q%  CONCUR,Thomas:Noracialpaternalism t)%h exceptiontoEP.ܳ݌8*x&i}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  d  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,Stevens:Congresshasgreater *<'j leewayinremedyingpastdiscriminationthan +(k dothestates.j݌,(l}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  e  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,Ginsburg:Largedeferenceshould H-)m begiventoCongresstoovercomehistoric  .L*n}%}% racialsubjugation.8݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  ˸0  0VV2Hu(  5  )3  0VV    _Hopwood_ԀvStateofTexas(5th1996) Ԁ!UTlaw H schoolmaintainedtwogroupsofcandidatesfor  L admissionsbasedonracialstatus,subjectto  differentadmissionsreview.˸݌VV Ќ,,  "",,  20  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:EPviolatedingivensubstantialracial X preferencesinitsadmission.2~݌ \VV Ќ,,  "c"  c׼0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  1  )3  04VV  Understrictscrutiny,twoquestions:c׼݌ 4V4V Ќ  "ro"  ro0  0VV0VV0VV04VV2Hu  a  )3  0` 4V4V  Doesitserveacompellingstate    interestroI݌h  ` V` V Ќ  "ro"  ro0  0VV0VV0VV04VV2Hu  b  )3  0` 4V4V  Isitnarrowlytailoredtoachieveendro݌, l ` V` V Ќ  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  2  )3  04VV  _Bakke_=nostrictracialquotasc݌ 0 4V4V Ќ  "c"  c=0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  3  )3  04VV  nocasesince_Bakke_hasaccepted   diversityasacompellingstateinterest x  understrictscrutinyanalysis.c=j݌<| 4V4V Ќ  "c"  c0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  4  )3  04VV  Need particularizedfindings lestcourt @  imposeremediesthatare agelessintheir   reachintothepast,andtimelessintheir   abilitytoaffectthefuture.!_Wygant_.cH݌N4V4V Ќ  "c"  cQ0  0VV0VV0VV2Hu  5  )3  04VV  Diversity,reputationamongminoritiesare R inadequatecompellingstateinterestscQ~݌4V4V Ќ   "r"&{%,   r2Hu  V  .3  0    RationalBasisReview sr+݌^VV Ќ,%&{   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  A  .3  0VV  Overview s4k݌:VV Ќ,XX  "",,  [0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV   POLICY )):  Pureinterestgroupdeals ,justified & onlybypoliticalstrengthofbeneficiaries,are  prohibitedbyEP.Yet,notsubjecttoprincipled p judicialenforcementbecauseinquiryinto 4t legislativeintentin unmanageable andstrains 8 judicialcompetenceandauthority.Though   underenforced ,itisnonethelessbindingon   legislatorsandadministratorswhohaveobligation H! toobeyConstitution.[݌ L"VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  2  )3  0VV    BlackletterLaw  !Dependingonmotiveand # impact,challengedgovtactionissubjecttooneof $ threelevelsofscrutiny:;݌Z %VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV   StrictScrutiny ifactionintentionally !^& discriminatesagainstasuspectclassor !$' infringesafundamentalright.=݌"(VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  b  )3  0VV  HeightenedScrutiny ifactionintentionally l#) discriminatesonthebasisofgender,alienage 2$r * andillegitimacy;and$݌$6!+VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  c  )3  0VV  RationalBasis forsocialandeconomic %!, regulationsinvolvingnosuspectorquasi &"- suspectclassesorfundamentalrights. ݌D'#.VV Ќ,,   "4"XX,  40  2Hu  B  .3  0VV  RationalBasisCases 4 ݌( %0VV Ќ,XX  "",,  0  0VV2Hu(  1  )3  0VV    NewYorkTransitAuthorityvBeazer(1979) Ԁ!NY |*&2 TransitAuthhadrulewherebytheyexcludedfrom @+'3 employmentallpersonwhowereonmethadone, ,D(4 thoughasignificantpercentagewerefully ,)5 employableandmostlikelynotsecurityrisks.T݌-)6VV Ќ,,  "",,  0  0VV0VV2Hu(  a  )3  0VV  HELD:ApublicauthoritymaydenyP.*7VV employmenttomethadoneusersasaclass.݌7}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  K0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  b  )3  0}Q%Q%  DISSENT,White:Arulelumpingsuccessful 8 methadonepatientswithunsuccessfulonesis H9 overinclusive.Suchanarbitraryruleis  L: unconstitutional.K݌;}%}% Ќ,,  "",,  _0  0%%%2Hu(  2  )3  0Q%%%%    NewOrleansvDukes(1976) 3Ԁ!EPissatisfiedso X= longastheclassificationis rationallyrelatedtoa  \>  legitimatestateinterest . _݌ ?Q%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  甁0  0%%%2Hu(  3  )3  0Q%%%%    RailwayExpressAgencyvNY(1949)  UԀ! j A Advertisementokayforowner,nookaytolease . nB space. ItisnorequirementofEPthatallevilsof  2 C thesamegenusbeeradicatedornoneatall.甁݌ DQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  0  0%%%2Hu(  4  )3  0Q%%%%    WilliamsonvLeeOptical(1955)  Ԁ!OKstatute >~ F permittingonlyophthalmologistsandoptometrists B G tofitglasses,noopticians.Thus,likely pure  H interestgroup deal,thoughrationallyrelatedtoa  I publicinterest.&݌RJQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  d0  0%%%2Hu(  5  )3  0Q%%%%    MinnesotavCloverLeafCreameryCo(1981)  8! L Theoryisenough;datashowingthatlegislature M wasmisguidedwillfail.ButMNSCrejected bN rationalbasis,whichSCinturnfound.d݌&fOQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  由0  0%%%2Hu(  6  )3  0Q%%%%    CityofCleburnevCleburneLivingCenter(1985)   Q !Cityhadordinancepermittinghospitalsand rR sanitariumsandnursinghome,thoughnotfor 6vS alcoholics,feebleminded,insane,drugaddicts. :T Justifiedbynegativeattitudesandfear.由݌UQ%Q% Ќ,,  "",,  G0  0%%%0Q%%%%2Hu(  a  )3  0}Q%Q%  HELD:ForEPanalysis,governmentactions V againstmentallyretardedpersonsaresubject FW totherationalbasistest.G݌ JX}%}% Ќ,,  "c"  c&0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%Q%2Hu  1  )3  0}%}%  Notquasisuspectclass.c&S݌Y%% Ќ  "c"  cW0  0%%%0Q%%%%0}Q%